The First African-American Church in the U.S.

The First African-American Church in the U.S. The African Methodist Episcopal Church, also called AME Church, was established by the Reverend Richard Allen in 1816. Allen founded the denomination in Philadelphia to unite African-American Methodist churches in the North. These congregations wanted to be free from white Methodists who historically had not allowed African-Americans to worship in desegregated pews.   As founder of the AME Church, Allen was consecrated  as its first bishop. The AME Church is a unique denomination in the Wesleyan traditionit is the only religion in the western hemisphere to develop from the sociological needs of its members. It is also the first African-American denomination in the United States. God our Father, Christ our Redeemer, Man our Brother - David Alexander Payne Organizational Mission Since its establishment in 1816, the AME Church has worked to minister to the needsspiritual, physical, emotional, intellectual and environmentalof people. Using liberation theology, the AME seeks to help those in need by preaching the gospel of Christ, providing food for the hungry, providing homes, encouraging those who have fallen on hard times as well as economic advancement, and providing employment opportunities to those in need. The History of the AME Church In 1787, the AME Church was established out of the Free African Society, an organization developed by Allen and Absalom Jones, who led African-American parishioners of St. Georges Methodist Episcopal Church to leave the congregation because of the racism and discrimination they faced. Together, this group of African-Americans would transform a mutual aid society into a congregation for people of African descent. In 1792, Jones founded the African Church in Philadelphia, an African-American church free from white control. Desiring to become an Episcopal parish, the church opened in 1794 as the African Episcopal Church and became the first black church in Philadelphia. However, Allen wanted to remain Methodist and led a small group to form the Mother Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church in 1793. For the next several years, Allen fought for his congregation to worship free from white Methodist congregations. After winning these cases, other African-American Methodist churches  that were also encountering racism wanted independence. These congregations to Allen for leadership. As a result, these communities came together in 1816 to form a new Wesleyan denomination known as the AME Church. Before the abolition of slavery, most AME congregations could be found in Philadelphia, New York City, Boston, Pittsburgh, Baltimore, Cincinnati, Cleveland, and Washington D.C. By the 1850s, the AME Church had reached San Francisco, Stockton, and Sacramento. Once slavery ended, the AME Churchs membership in the South increased tremendously, reaching 400,000 members by 1880 in states such as South Carolina, Kentucky, Georgia, Florida, Alabama and Texas. And by 1896, the AME Church could boast membership on two continentsNorth America and Africaas there were churches established in Liberia, Sierra Leone, and South Africa. AME Church Philosophy The AME Church follows the doctrines of the Methodist Church. However, the denomination follows the Episcopal form of church government, having bishops as religious leaders. Also, since the denomination was founded and organized by African-Americans, its theology is based on the needs of people of African descent. Early Notable Bishops Since its inception, the AME Church has cultivated African-American men and women who could synthesize their religious teachings with a fight for social injustice. For example,  Benjamin Arnett addressed the 1893 Worlds Parliament of Religions, arguing that people of African descent have helped develop Christianity.  Additionally,  Benjamin Tucker Tanner wrote, An Apology for African Methodism in 1867 and The Color of Solomon in 1895. AME Colleges and Universities Education has always played an important role in the AME Church. Even before slavery was abolished in 1865, the AME Church began establishing schools to train young African-American men and women. Many of these schools are still active today and include senior colleges Allen University, Wilberforce University, Paul Quinn College, and Edward Waters College; junior college, Shorter College; theological seminaries, Jackson Theological Seminary, Payne Theological Seminary and Turner Theological Seminary. The AME Church Today The AME Church now has membership in thirty-nine countries on five continents. There are currently twenty-one bishops in active leadership and nine general officers who oversee various departments of the AME Church.

The Physics Behind Aircraft Wing Design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Physics Behind Aircraft Wing Design - Essay Example Birds alter the form of their wings to revolve and maneuver. They supposed that they could utilize this methodology to get spinning control by bending or alteration of shape, of a part of the wing. So, the brothers designed numerous gliders (Reals, 2012). These gliders were soared as unmanned, as well as piloted. They referred to the discoveries of Cayley and Langley, and the suspended gliding flights of Lilienthal. They matched with Chanute with regard to some of their ideologies. They distinguished that management of the flying airplanes would be the most vital and intricate quandaries to resolve. Following these triumphant glider examinations, the Wrights designed and scrutinized their test location due to its windy weather, sand, hilly topography and remote position. The Wrights victoriously analyzed their novel fifty pound duo plane glider in 1900. It had a seventeen feet wing width and wing arching machinery. The construction of gliders was an upshot of a gradual technique of d iscerning aerodynamics and then managing the flights, building and scrutinizing numerous glider designs. These gliders operated but not to the anticipations of the Wrights based on the researches and dissertations of their forerunners. Their foremost glider initiated in 1900 only has approximately half the expected lift. Moreover, their subsequent glider performed worse. However, they continued their endeavor and built a wind tunnel, as well as numerous, complex apparatus to calculate lift and drag on the two hundred wing plan they examined. As a consequence, they resolved their previous quandaries in computations concerning drag as well as lift. Their examination and computations generated another glider with an enormous aspect proportions and accurate three axes management. They flew it victoriously in numerous instances thorough the structure of designing, wind channel scrutinized of airfoils and flight examination of whole size models. They resolved the quandaries of power and m anagement of an airplane. These resolutions were through invention of wing arching for spin management; together with concurrent yaw management with a steerable back controls (Crouch, 2008). History and Improvements of Aircrafts Wing Designs and the Physics of its Operation A fluid passing through the facade of a body applies surface energy on that surface. Lift is the constituent of this force that is vertical to the approaching flow course. It differs from drag force, which is the constituent of the facade force corresponding to the flow course. If the substance is air, the energy is the aerodynamic energy. There is an enormous interconnection if lift and the wing of a fixed wing airplane, though lift also emanates from propeller. When an airplane is soaring straightforwardly and level, most of the lift contests gravity. Nonetheless, when an airplane is ascending or descending in a twirl, the lift tilts with regard to the vertical. Lift might also be totally downwards in some aero batic movements, or the wing on racing vehicle. Streamline form of enables aircrafts to produce considerable lift as contrasted to drag (Robert, 2012). The underpinning principles of lift in planes emanate from the concepts of physics. Firstly, there are Newton’s principles of movements, especially the second principle which interrelate the force on a component of air to its velocity of momentum alteration. Secondly, there is the preservation of mass, as

Project Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Project Management - Essay Example Rapid results benefits fall into three classes. First, mini projects allow the initiators to determine the success rate of the projects in terms of the activities that require undertaking. Correction of Problems seen at early stages normally carried out as soon as there is the detection this reduces the chances of shady work. Secondly, result delivery period is short. During the implementation of the mini projects in a project, results achievement is less than a hundred days. Lastly, rapid results approach enhances motivation at work due to the quick results. Workers or employees feel a sense of reward due to quick results and hence feel that if they work more hard more results achieved. According to (Sylvester, n.d.) there are several attributes that require inclusion in rapid results for result achievement include impact variable, period, measurement, and scope. People and managers have a different perspective of Rapid results; the view is that it prevents project failure and probl em identification done at the beginning rather than waiting for the outcome at the end. According to reports, fifty percent of the projects fail, this is due to lack of use of rapid results. An example of a current workplace that lacks utilization of rapid result initiative in Kenya. A case study showing the number of people infected and living with HIV and AIDS in Kenya shows that many people have the virus, but they do not know. The lack of awareness is due to lack of use of rapid result initiatives (Mwangi, 2012). According to a survey undertaken in 2007 by Kenya Aids Indicator Survey (KAIS) and published by CDC, shows that eight out of ten infected people are unaware of their status. In the next year that is 2008, a research indicated that 6.3 percent of the adults between the ages of fifteen and forty-nine are living with HIV.

Reaction against hydrogen peroxide Essay Example for Free

Reaction against hydrogen peroxide Essay The action of catalase on hydrogen peroxide Aim The aim of this experiment is to discover the relationship between the concentration of the substrate and the rate of the reaction catalysed by an enzyme, by looking at the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide under the action of catalase, and to determine a value for Vmax and the Michaelis constant for catalase. Background Theory An enzyme is a protein biological catalyst. Catalysts speed up or slow down the rate at which chemical reactions occur. They are not used up in the reactions and can be retrieved unchanged afterwards. Biological catalysts control the rate of reactions in living things. Each enzyme is substrate specific it can control only one reaction. For example, the digestion of starch is begun in the mouth by the enzyme amylase. An equation for this reaction can be shown like this: Amylase Starch Simple sugars The enzyme only facilitates the reaction, it is not used up. Each molecule of enzyme can be reused indefinitely, unless it is damaged, or denatured. Enzymes are proteins, so they are denatured if the polypeptide chains, which are precisely coiled and folded to form the active site, become unfolded by the kinetic energy from heat, or the covalent bonds are disrupted. Whilst some heat will increase the rate of reaction because of the increased number of collisions between enzyme and substrate, too much heat will denature the enzyme and render it completely ineffective. Enzymes are also affected by the pH at which they have to work. Charged hydrogen or hydroxide ions in acids or alkalis can cancel out the charges on the active sites of the enzymes, and render them ineffective. Hydrogen peroxide is a toxin produced in every cell of living organisms as a by-product of respiration. It is the same chemical that is used to bleach hair, and so must be broken down before it can damage the cells. It decomposes to give water and oxygen. This reaction will occur naturally, but at a very slow rate. To speed it up an enzyme is used. The enzyme which catalyses the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide is called catalase. Catalase is found in all living cells to decompose the hydrogen peroxide. In this experiment it is being obtained from live yeast in a suspension. The method by which catalase works is called the lock and key method. Catalase works because it has an active site. At this point the enzyme attaches to the hydrogen peroxide molecule, because the opposite charges of enzyme and substrate attract each other, forming an enzyme substrate complex. The enzyme catalyses the reaction, and then the new charges on the product repel the enzyme away to act on a new substrate molecule. (see fig 1) The decomposition of hydrogen peroxide has the following formula: catalase 2H2O2 2H2O + O2 The rate of a reaction is a measure of the change in the amount of reactant or product with time. The rate of decomposition H2O2 can be measured using the volume of oxygen produced, from the formula: Rate of reaction = change in amount of product time The rate of reaction is determined by collision theory:- For a reaction between two substances to occur, the enzyme and substrate particles must collide with each other. If more collisions occur in a reaction, rate will increase. If the reactant particles gain energy and collide faster, then each collision will have more energy, there will be more successful collisions, and rate will also increase. In this case, the more collisions between hydrogen peroxide and catalase molecules, the more hydrogen peroxide will decompose. Anything which increases collisions will increase rate. Increasing the concentration of the substrate (hydrogen peroxide) solution means that there are more substrate molecules in the same volume, causing more collisions, and thus increasing rate. The rate of reaction changes with concentration, but the overall yield of oxygen is independent of factors affecting the rate, so measuring the amount of oxygen produced over the whole reaction is meaningless. Instead, the initial rate of reaction can be estimated by measuring the volume of oxygen produced in the early stages of the reaction. This value can then be compared between the different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide, and used to plot a graph of substrate concentration against rate, from which values for Vmax and the Michaelis constant (Km) can be obtained. The relationship between substrate concentration and rate of reaction is described by the Michaelis-Menton equation: v = Vmax [S] Km + [S]. Vmax is a measure of the maximum rate at which an enzyme can act, and it is the horizontal asymptote of the graph of substrate against time that is when the amount of enzyme is the limiting factor. The Km is defined as the substrate concentration at which the rate of enzyme action is half Vmax. It is measure of the affinity of an enzyme for its substrate molecule the higher Km, the weaker the binding force between the enzyme and substrate. Both Km and Vmax are constants at a specific enzyme concentration and temperature. Pilot Experiment A pilot experiment was carried out in order to see whether the method was practical and could produce good, reliable results, and to choose the concentrations of hydrogen peroxide and the length of time over which the oxygen would be collected so that no more than 50cm3 of gas was given off. Pilot Method 1. 10cm3 of hydrogen peroxide solution was measured into boiling tubes using a syringe, and the apparatus set up as shown below. 2. Using a 1cm3 syringe the yeast suspension was added to the boiling tube and the stopwatch started. 3. Thirty seconds was timed, and then the burette was taken off the end of the delivery tube, but not out of the water, and the volume of gas collected was measured. 4. This was recorded and repeated for each concentration of hydrogen peroxide, made up as shown in the dilution tables below. Pilot Results Concentration of hydrogen peroxide Initial reading on burette (cm3) Final reading on burette (cm3) Volume of gas collected (cm3) Rate of reaction (cm3/s) to 2dOff scale. Analysis of and Modifications to the Pilot These results show a clear increase in the volume of gas collected as the concentration increases, suggesting that with modifications this method will enable clear conclusions to be drawn. Carrying the experiment out over 30s resulted in too much gas being produced at the highest concentration to be recorded with the apparatus available, so for the main experiment the oxygen will be collected over 15s. More readings will be taken to enable a more reliable graph to be drawn at9 and 20%. The experiment will be repeated three times and any anomalous results will be identified and excluded from the average in order to enable more reliable results. Prediction I predict that initially the rate of reaction will increase with the concentration. As the concentration of hydrogen peroxide increases so will the number of collisions between enzyme and substrate molecules, so the hydrogen peroxide will decompose faster into water and oxygen. I predict that this reaction will obey Michaelis-Menton kinetics, and that the graph of rate of reaction against hydrogen peroxide concentration will give a rectangular hyperbola as shown below: The increase in rate of reaction will not continue indefinitely there will be an asymptote when Rate = Vmax, when all the catalase molecules are catalysing the reaction as fast as possible, and so the rate cannot increase without supplying more enzyme. Main Experiment Plan Fair Test A fair test is one from which a reliable conclusion can be drawn. For a fair test only one variable must be changed at a time. In this experiment the concentration of hydrogen peroxide is being changed, and so all others must be controlled. Variables. Independent Variable:- concentration of hydrogen peroxide Dependent Variable:- volume of oxygen gas collected in 15s Controlled Variables:- temperature, volume of hydrogen peroxide, amount of yeast, apparatus, time.   The reaction will be carried out in a water bath at 20? C. Since water is a good thermal buffer it should be fairly easy to keep the temperature constant.   Volume of hydrogen peroxide solution will be controlled quite easily by using two syringes to measure the water and hydrogen peroxide volumes as dictated by the dilution table below.

Writing and Reading for a New Generation Essay -- Internet Cyberspace

â€Å"Writing and Reading for a New Generation† In the past decade, the Internet has taken over. Everyone from young children to senior citizens can communicate, send e-mail, or look up any bit of information in seconds. Because of the overwhelming shift to Internet technology and communication, many aspects of writing have been forever changed. Writers often write differently for the Internet than they do for a physical publication. Readers often read differently on the Internet than physically written text. Within the forms of Internet writing exists one unlike the others and that is personal publishing web sites, such as blogger, live journal, diary land—the list goes on. By allowing any individual to publish anything onto the web, the traditional ideas of writing and reading are automatically forfeited to a new generation of writers. The first thing to understand about personal publishing sites is their uses. What the site will be used for can also dictate which site a person will utilize. For instance, something like diary land (diaryland.com) is typically used strictly as an online journal. People record their thoughts, what they’ve been doing, and what events are coming up in their lives. Like a personal web site, users will personalize the layout of the â€Å"diary† including pictures, borders, etc. Other sites, like blogger (blogger.com), can be used for personal means or professional ones. In the case of my English 328 class, blogs can even be used as a place to respond to writing prompts for homework. In looking at these sites, I noticed that blogger more than the others also had blogs specific to certain interests. For instance, one blog was dedicated solely to lovers of palm pilots. The wa... ...sible to imagine a world in which books were an outdated, archaic technology but as we push further into the future and the future of writing, the possibility looms as a larger and larger force to be reckoned with. Works Cited Bradbury, Grace. â€Å"Diary of a Call Girl.† The Times(London). 10 Mar. 2004, n.68019. T2, p.4. Tribble, Evelyn B. and Anne Trubek, eds. Writing Material: Readings for Plato to the Digital Age. New York: Longman, 2003. Landow, George. â€Å"Twenty Minutes into the Future, or How Are We Moving Beyond the Book?† Tribble & Trubek 214-226. Sosnoski, James. â€Å"Hyper-readers and their Reading Engines.† Tribble & Trubek 400-417. Wagner, Erica. â€Å"A High Price to Pay for Sex Without Love.† The Times (London). 10 Mar. 2004, n. 68019. T2, p.5.

Influence of Parents on Academic Performance Essay

Authorities parenting, psychosocial maturity and academic success among adolescents, study of Steinberg et al. (1989) describes that when a parents treat their child warmly, democratically, and firmly, they will develop positive attitudes, they will achieve more and do better in school. Multidimensional conceptualization of parent involvement in children’s schooling according to Grolmck’s (1994), it describes that parents must support their child specially to their experiences. Parental Involvement and academic achievement of peer accepted and peer rejected children, a study by Chowdhary and Jayasmita (1997), describes that parental involvement may have influence to the academic performance of a child as a accepted or rejected. Comparative study of parent-child relationships of high and low achievers, study by Kang et al. (1997); the Tiwari (1997) was used to develop this study, it used eight dimensions at parent and child relations such as acceptance, rejection, domina nce-submission, encouragement-discouragement, love-hate, authoritarian-democratic, reward-punishment, trust-disburst, tolerance-hostility. In this study it reveals that children who had warm relationships with their parents achieved higher in classroom. Parent-child relationship and academic motivation, study of Suman et al. (2003), it revealed that the achievement motivation was higher when adolescents perceived their parents as loving and demanding. Sibling rivalry and relation to achievement motivation, study of Vasuki et. al (2004), data were from Neerakatwal’s (1988) and Deo Mohan’s Achievement Motivation Scale (1985), it showed that rivalry towards siblings, tended to have low levels of achievement motivation. Effect of Peer Academic Reputation on Achievement Gest et. al (2005) argued that peer academic reputation (PAR) may influence children’s academic motivation and achievement even if it is not veridical. This argument is consistent with research on the effect of teacher expectations on achievement, which demonstrates that teacher perception of children’s academic ability, whether accurate or not, affect student’s grades and scores on standardized achievement tests (for reviews see Brophy, 1983, Jussim Eccles, and Mardon 1996, and Jussim and Harber, 2005) Developmental Issues Researchers speculate that growth in social cognitive skills, including the capacity and motivation to use social comparison information to shape self-evaluations, account for the trend toward more negative and more differentiated self-perception in grades K-3 (Kuklinsks and Weinstein 2001: Markus and Wurf, 1987). Also make children the transition from kindergarten to the more formal academic setting of grades 1-3, more social comparison cues, may be available, and feedback on one’s academic performance may be based more on comparison to others versus improvement over one’s prior performance (Eccles et. al, 1993: Ruble and Frey, 1987: Ruble, Grosovsky, Frey, and Cohen, 1992) Influence of siblings on adjustment of adolescents Conger et al. (1997) carried a study on parents, siblings, psychological control and adolescents. Data were obtained by using Rosenberg measure of self esteem (Rosenberg, 1965) Pearten measure of control and mastery developed by (Pearlin, 1981), SCR-90-R (Symptom checklist revised; Derogatis, 1983) was administered. Results of the study indicated that psychological control both by parents and by siblings contributes to increase adolescents adjustment problems and to diminished self-confidence. Vasuki et al. (2004) carried a study on â€Å"sibling rivalry and its relation to frustration, mental health and self conflict of adolescents† on a sample of 60 girls and 60 boys from three city schools of in the age group of 15-18 years. Data were obtained using Neerakatual’s (1998) sibling relationship questionnaire, Chauhan and Govind Tiwari’s (1969) Frustration test, Smt Rama Tiwari’s (1986) self conflict questionnaire, Jagdish and Srivastava’s Mental health questionnaire. Results of the study revealed that both males and females of dyads and multiples showed rivalry towards their siblings in a homogeneous way. Greater extent of sibling rivalry also lead the adolescents to become more frustrated. Oliva et al. (2005) carriedout a study on â€Å"sibling relationship during adolescence† on a sample of 513 adolescents aged between 13 and 19 years. Data were obtained by using an instrument created by Steinberg et al. (1991) to assess the parenting style, questionnaire on sibling relationships (QSR; Arranz et al., 1994), inventory of peer attachment (IPA) developed by Armsdeu and Greenberg (1987) and Rosenberg self-esteem scale (RSES; Rosenberg, 1965). Results of this study indicated that having siblings was related to adolescent’s social and personal adjustment, although only among girls and only in cases of good sibling relationships. In cases of poor sibling adjustment, it was the negative effects of every day situations of rivalry and conflict outweighed the benefits of any support that was provided.

Analysis Dogville - 30953 Words

Resumà © I denne projektrapport foretages en analyse af filmen Dogville, 2003, instrueret af Lars von Trier. Ved premieren og i den debat, filmen vakte, blev den karakteriseret som anti-amerikansk, moralsk, religià ¸s m.m. Projektet er udarbejdet ud fra den tese, at Dogville er en film med en meget kompleks form, hvilket gà ¸r det svà ¦rt at tage den til indtà ¦gt for bestemte holdninger. I analysen undersà ¸ges denne tese, og i diskussionen holdes filmens form op imod dens indhold. Rapporten konkluderer, at filmen er udprà ¦get formbevidst, og at de temaer, den prà ¦senterer, er underlagt dette. Filmen er en à ¦stetisk provokation. Analysen er eksemplificeret, men ikke gennemfà ¸rt dokumenteret, hvorfor rapportens forfattere tillader sig at anbefale†¦show more content†¦De gà ¸r sammen med den lidt gammeldags voice-over-fortà ¦ller og dens mindelser om teater Dogville usà ¦dvanlig. Det gà ¸r ogsà ¥, at filmen stritter i mange retninger, og det er derfor svà ¦rt at tag e den til indtà ¦gt for à ©n bestemt holdning. Alligevel er den blevet anmeldt, anskuet og diskuteret som om, den udtrykker en sà ¥dan. Det er den diskrepans, der er emnet i denne rapport. 1.1 Motivation Film er levende billeder. Narrative film er historier fortalt via levende billeder – altsà ¥ en visuel gestaltning af fiktioner, som vi kender dem fra bl.a. romaner. Vores interesse var ved projektarbejdets start, hvordan disse levende billeder bliver fortalt tilskueren, og hvilken indflydelse fortà ¦lleformen har pà ¥ den mà ¥de, vi afkoder de levende billeder pà ¥ là ¦rredet. Pà ¥ et helt overordnet plan handler det om, hvordan der fortà ¦lles i film. En filmfortà ¦lling bestà ¥r af en rà ¦kke sammenklippede billedsekvenser, der kan và ¦re struktureret pà ¥ forskellig vis, og som suppleres af lyd. Den kan benytte mere eller mindre tydelige narrative greb, men der vil altid và ¦re tale om en formidlende instans: en fortà ¦ller. I litteraturen kendes denne instans i et utal af afskygninger: fà ¸rstepersons-fortà ¦ller, tredjepersons-fortà ¦ller, scenisk og olympisk fortà ¦ller etc. Og der findes igen massevis af variationer indenfor de enkelteShow MoreRelate dAnalysis Of Why Not Just Call It Dogville?1365 Words   |  6 PagesMark Shasha Friday, February 27, 2015 DogVille – Film Analysis Why not just call it DogVille? DogVille, a film adaptation of the book DogVille written and directed by Lars von Trier, takes place in a small town of the same name in the Rocky Mountains in Colorado during the period of the Great Depression. DogVille has a population of about 13 adults and a few children, most of which have never left the town in their entire lives. One night, one of the residents, Tom Edison Jr., hears a gunshots coming